Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd The Journal of Medical Education and Development 2251-7065 16 2 2021 9 1 80 80 FA Masoud Mirzaei

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd The Journal of Medical Education and Development 2251-7065 16 2 2021 9 1 Investigating the relationship between leadership style of nursing department managers and work engagement in faculty members of Iranian universities of medical sciences 81 93 FA Sahar khoshkesht PhD ‎‏ ‏Candidate, School of Nursing ;‎‏ ‏Midwifery, Department of Medical- Surgical nursing, ‎Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ameneh Yaghoobzadeh Assistant Professor, School of Nursing, Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences. Arak, Iran.‎ Nahid Dehghan nayeri Professor, School of Nursing & ‎Midwifery, Department of Critical Care Nursing and Management, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Introduction: The success of an organization is determined by its human ‎resources. Work engagement leads to higher productivity and performance of the organization. Leaders seek to understand the impact of ‎their leadership style on work engagement. This is even more important in educational organizations but research in this area is insufficient. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between department ‎manager’s leadership styles and faculty member’s work engagement in some Iranian universities of medical ‎sciences‎. Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical correlational study. 149 people including faculty members and department managers with at least 6 months of work experience were selected through the convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included ‎a demographic questionnaire, a multi-factor leadership questionnaire, and a Schaufeli & Bakker work engagement questionnaire whose validity and reliability were examined. ‎Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Result: A total of 114 faculty members with 13.42 ± 9.75 and 35 department managers with 19.91 ± 8.67 work experience participated in this study. Faculty members reported high work engagement. There was a positive and significant relationship between work engagement and interactional (P = 0.010) and transformational leadership (P = 0.001). ‎There was a significant difference between manager’s and employee’s views on the interactional ‎and transformational leadership (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Managers can promote job engagement by selecting the proper leadership style, and the advantages can be leveraged to boost organizational productivity.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd The Journal of Medical Education and Development 2251-7065 16 2 2021 9 1 Challenges and Barriers to Internationalization from the Perspective of Faculty Members and Staff of the International Department of Iran, Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Universities of Medical Sciences 94 108 FA Kobra Nakhoda Ph.D. in Higher Education Administration, Faculty of Higher Education Administration, Science and Research Branch,Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. MohammadAli Hosseini Associate Professor, Faculty of Rehabilitation Management, Department of Rehabilitation Management, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Kamran Mohammadkhani Associate Professor, Faculty of Higher Education Administration, Department of Higher Education Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Nader Gholi Ghorchian Professor, Faculty of Higher Education Administration, Department of Higher Education Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Introduction: Since internationalization is one of the important priorities of medical universities, so this study was conducted to investigate the challenges of internationalization in medical universities in Tehran. Methods: This is qualitative research with a conventional content analysis approach. Seventeen faculty members, experts and managers of the international department of Iran, Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Universities of Medical Sciences in the second semester of the academic year of 2018-2019 were selected by purposive sampling method and interviewed semi-structured. Then, the collected data were analyzed based on five Graneheim steps and based on MAXQDA.2019 quality data analysis software. Result: The findings of the content analysis of the interviews showed that the five main components including structural-legal, political-security, educational-research, cultural-social and economic-infrastructure components along with 13 sub-components including policies Macro, Recruitment and Recruitment Process, Staff and Management, International Services, Status and Educational Services, Research Services, University Reputation, Society culture, University culture , Economic Development and Financial Services and Facilities, Infrastructure Development And universities, welfare services, and the development of information technology and virtual services are among the challenges and barriers to internationalization. Conclusion: According to the findings, in order to strengthen the internationalization process of higher education, legislative institutions should adopt laws and monitor their implementation, as well as sign memoranda of understanding with other countries. Universities should also pay attention to increasing information capability, improving English language skills and other specialized skills of staff, appropriate advertisements to attract foreign students, exchange students and professors, and strengthen the image of the university.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd The Journal of Medical Education and Development 2251-7065 16 2 2021 9 1 Strategies to improve clinical confidence in nursing students' c: A Narrative review 109 119 FA shahnaz ahrari Ph.D Student, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Fatemeh Heshmati Nabavi Associate Professor of Nursing, Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. narges toghian chaharsoughi Instructor, Nursing and Midwifery Sciences Development Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran. Introduction: Universities are responsible for nurturing nurses who have clinical skills and confidence. Self-confidence is one of the main components of clinical work and, nursing students have more efficient self-confidence. This review study aimed to find strategies for self-confidence improvement in nursing students. Methods: To conduct this review study initially, using the keywords self-confidence, professional self-confidence and the self-confidence of nursing students in Persian and English, separately and in combination, between 2008 and 2018, a total of 1536 articles were obtained from Medline, CINAHL, ProQuest, Ovid and Science Direct databases. The full text of the articles was reviewed for inclusion and exclusion criteria and finally, 16 articles were selected for the final analysis. Result: The findings indicated the efficacy of the short-term educational program on self-confidence skills of baccalaureate nursing students. Studies have shown that students demonstrate greater abilities in terms of knowledge, critical thinking, clinical understanding, or satisfaction upon simulation-based learning. Conclusion: Simulation-based nursing educational interventions have strong and special educational effects in the field of psychology, especially in promoting the self-confidence of nursing students. Therefore, due to its positive effect on students' self-confidence, this method is proposed as a superior educational method in nursing students.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd The Journal of Medical Education and Development 2251-7065 16 2 2021 9 1 Designing, implementing and evaluation of educational program of ethics in education by scenario-based discussion: A Scholarship study 120 130 FA Leila sadati Instructor, School of Paramedical, Department of Operating Room, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. Morteza Motaharipour Assistant Professor of Islamic Education, School of Medicine, Department of Islamic Studies, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. Hoorvash Farajidana Assistant Professor of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. rana abjar Instructor, School of Paramedical, Department of Operating Room, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran. Introduction: The commitment of faculty members to observe ethical principles and values in the role of a model leads to the strengthening of ethics in students and consequently the development of ethics in society. Therefore, universities need to promote and effectively teach ethics to their professors. Methods: The present intervention study was designed, implemented and evaluated in the form of a scholarly activity following the Kern curriculum model. Initially, after reviewing the studies and needs assessment, the course objectives, educational content and teaching strategy were determined. Then, ten training sessions were held with a discussion-based teaching method based on real scenarios. All discussions in the classrooms were recorded and implemented. At the end of each session, participants were asked to submit scenarios based on their personal experiences. For evaluation, the number of participants and scenarios were evaluated and the discussions were analyzed and interpreted by content analysis. Result: Data analysis confirmed the presence of 110 faculty members and the submission of 32 scenarios. In the qualitative section, 194 initial codes were extracted in four main categories: "commitment to teaching and student learning ", "ethics as law", "ethics-oriented educational atmosphere" and "teacher role model". Conclusion: Considering the welcome of the faculty members and the extraction of key concepts, It is suggested to use this teaching method in the ability of professors to understand the principles of ethics in education, create moral sensitivity and strengthen moral decisions.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd The Journal of Medical Education and Development 2251-7065 16 2 2021 9 1 Evaluation and Comparison of Clinical Rounds from the Perspective of Professors and Students of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences 131 141 FA Afsaneh Malekpour-Tehrani Assistant Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Shahrkord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. Masoumeh Moezzi Associate Professor, Faculty of Medicine , Department of Community Medicine, Shahrkord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. Seyede Sara Hosseini Master of Medical Informatics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. Seyede Maryam Hosseini Instructor, Pediatric and Infant Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Introduction: Evaluating different fields of clinical education is necessary to improve the medical course. Among these, clinical rounds are an important part of clinical education. Therefore, achieving maximum realization in any clinical field is the goal of every medical training center. Methods: Present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences by census method on more than 67% of clinical medical professors and 79% of medical students who are on internship. The research instrument included a questionnaire of demographic information and a clinical round, which was prepared based on clinical standards approved by the Ministry of Health. 30 out of 44 clinical professors and 30 out of 38 interns succeeded in completing the questionnaires. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software and tests (T-test and ANOVA). Result: The mean scores of clinical rounds of professors were 65± 13.16 and interns were 52.47± 35.19 and in general, the situation in this field was described as higher than the average (42) for both groups. Comparison of the two groups also showed a significant difference (P = 0.00). Thus, the mean scores of clinical round scores in the professors’ group were higher than the average scores of the interns’ group. Conclusion: The current clinical rounds situation in Shahrkord University of Medical Sciences was described as more favorable than average. Therefore, in order to further promote medical education, it is recommended that universities continuously evaluate and monitor the status of various areas of clinical education in order to reach the ideal level as soon as possible.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd The Journal of Medical Education and Development 2251-7065 16 2 2021 9 1 Post-Covid-19 Higher Education Scenarios and Future Strategic Orientations of Education 142 143 FA khalil kalavani PhD Candidate of Health Services Management, School of Management and Medical Information, School of Health Care Management, Management and Leadership Research Center in Education, Student Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Reza Dehnavieh Associate Professor of Health Services Management, Department of Health Care Management, Health Foresight and Innovation Research Center, Institute for Futures Study in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. samira Emadi MSc of Management, School of Management, Department of Governmental Management, Management and Leadership Research Center in Education, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. The COVID-19 epidemic profoundly influenced higher education. Online education started immediately after the onset of the epidemic, but professors and universities were unprepared for it. This crisis will have a great impact on higher education in the coming years, too. While the severity of the impact of the COVID-19 crisis is still unknown, higher education institutions are figuring out the future of this industry and taking extraordinary steps to deal with future events. Four scenarios including "growth", "constraints", "collapse", and "transformation" can be considered for the future of higher education, each having a strategic orientation as follows: 1) evolution (growth scenario): growth and development strategy; 2) alignment with changes (constraints scenario): heterogeneous diversity and strategy involvement; 3) failure of universities (collapse scenario): reduction, transfer, and dissolution; and 4) initiation of a major change (transformation scenario): market penetration strategy and horizontal integration.

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd The Journal of Medical Education and Development 2251-7065 16 2 2021 9 1 The Problems of Reopening Schools during the Coronavirus 2019 Epidemic 144 145 FA Ebrahim Rahbar Karbasdehi M.A, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Fatemeh Rahbar Karbasdehi Ph.D. Student, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Letter to the Editor

Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd The Journal of Medical Education and Development 2251-7065 16 2 2021 9 1 Netiquette and its application in virtual learning: a vital necessity in medical universities during the COVID-19 146 149 FA Eshagh Moradi Eshagh Moradi*(Corresponding author), PhD Candidate of Medical Education, Center for Educational Research in Medical Sciences (CERMS), Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Amirpoursaeed Fatemeh Amir pour saeid, Midwifery Student, Master of Science, Nursing and Midwifery School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic throughout the world and also in Iran, most organs, especially higher education, were affected. This pandemic has made education systems one of the biggest challenges in the last fifty years. The word "Netiquette" comes from the two words "Net" meaning network and the Internet and "Etiketa" , which refers to a set of rules of behavior and social habits and (the right way to socialize with others). Be formed, and the term so-called refers to the set of rules and customs of user behavior in a network. In order to create a common ground, we need specific outcomes. Part of the importance of training and consultation of netiquette is related to the fact that due to the coronavirus pandemic, all training is now moving towards virtualization, so the lack or inadequacy having trainings and counseling and not being aware of the principles of etiquette can create many challenges. The issue becomes more sensitive and serious because the lack of knowledge of faculty members as well as students about the principles of etiquette, can lead to many disruptions in the educational system and consequently the teaching and learning process. Therefore, it is suggested that in the universities of medical sciences, a system for teaching and counseling the etiquette be designed for both components of the educational system, namely faculty members and students, to acquaint them with this important category from possible disorders in communication skills. For this purpose, while proposing to prioritize this training and consultations about netiquette, strategies and solutions for designing and implementing this system, which can be in forms such as web-based or in the form of applications.