fa روش های آموزش پزشکی پزشکان ماوراءالنهر در دوره سامانیان (۸۷۴–۱۰۰۴ م) آموزش پزشكي Medical Education مروري Review <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مقدمه: </span></span></span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">یکی از شیوه</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&shy;</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">های آموزشی در دانش پزشکی، روش بالینی و بیمارستانی، دارالحکمه و شیوه خودخوان هست</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">.</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> این شیوه آموزشی دارای تاریخ شگفت انگیزی می</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&shy;</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">باشد. در واقع شکل</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&shy;</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گیری آن به خاطر ایجاد محدودیت دینی علمای فقه حنفی در مدارس و مساجد در منطقه ماوراءالنهر در دوره سامانیان (</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">۸۷۴</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span arial="" style="font-family:">&ndash;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">۱۰۰۴</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> م) می</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&shy;</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">باشد.</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:"B Nazanin""></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">روش بررسی:</span></span></span></span></b> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">در این پژوهش با مطالعه آثار مرتبط با تمدن اسلامی اعم از نوشته‌های منابع دست اول، تحقیقات و پژوهش</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&shy;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">های جدید و با دسته‌بندی اطلاعات، طرح کلی از آموزش علوم پزشکی به شیوه خودخوان در دوره سامانیان ارائه می&shy;گردد.</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">نتایج:</span></span></span></b> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">با بررسی و جمع بندی مطالب موجود برخلاف این تصور که ایجاد این محدودیت باعث توقف و انحطاط علمی می</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&shy;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">شد، اما این محدودیت سبب رونق عمیق دانش پزشکی شد. حتی این مسئله سبب توسعه کتابخانه</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&shy;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">های مجهز و رجوع علمای علوم عقلی و پزشکان به این کتابخانه</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&shy;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها شد، و این مسئله در نهایت سبب مطالعه کتابهای بسیار و نگارش کتاب</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&shy;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">های مفید پزشکی و داروسازی گردید.</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">نتیجه‌گیری:</span></span></span></b> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">با نگاهی اجمالی به امر آموزش پزشکی یا شیوه</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&shy;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">های گوناگون در تمدن اسلامی به خوبی پی به اهمیت این شیوه آموزشی در دوره سامانیان می</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&shy;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">بریم. در این پژوهش به بررسی روش بالینی و بیمارستانی، دارالحکمه و شیوه خودخوان، مشاهیر پزشکی و بررسی آثاری که با این شیوه شکل گرفتند می</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&shy;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">پردازیم. بی تردید این توجه به آموزش پزشکی، منجر به تأثیر تمدنی در سایر مناطق جهان بوده و سبب تحولی بنیادین در شیوه</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&shy;</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">ها و متد آموزش پزشکی در تاریخ جهان شده است.</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="line-height:15pt"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"></span></b></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">Introduction:</span></span></span></span></i></b> <span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">One of the educational practices in medical knowledge, Clinical and hospital methods, is Dar al-Hekmeh and Self-reading Style. This method has a fascinating history; in fact, its formation was due to the religious restrictions of scholars of Hanafi jurisprudence in schools and mosques In Transoxiana region during the Samanids (874-1004 CE).</span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Methods</span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">:</span></span></i></b> <span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Scrutinizing works which concern Iran civilization including primary written resources as well as newly conducted studies, not only did the present research attempt to investigate this important historical era but it also aimed to present the general scheme of medical education in the way of self-reading of during the Samanids through categorizing the garnered information.</span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Results:</span></span></i></b> <span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Contrary to the notion that the creation of this constraint caused scientific stagnation, by examining and summarizing the existing material, but this limitation has deepened the medical knowledge. Even this has led to the development of equipped libraries and the access of scholars of science and doctors to these libraries, and this ultimately led to the study and research many books and writing useful books on medicine and pharmacy.</span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Conclusion:</span></span></i></b><b> </b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">A fleeting glimpse at medical education or other various methods existing in the era of Islamic Civilization reveals the importance this teaching procedure assumed in during the Samanids, whose considerable attention to the subject of medical education for Clinical and hospital methods, Dar al-Hekmeh and Self-reading Style expanded its influence in other parts of the world, thereby fundamentally evolving methods and mechanisms employed in history of the world so as to teach medical sciences.</span></span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"></span></span></b></span></span></span> آموزش پزشکی, روش بالینی و بیمارستانی, شیوه خودخوان, ماوراءالنهر, دوره سامانیان Medical Education, Clinical and hospital methods, Self-reading Style, Transoxiana, Samanids 224 235 http://jmed.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-818-3&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Seyyed Alireza Golshani سیدعلیرضا گلشنی golshani_22@yahoo.com 0000-0003-1635-4578 Yes PhD, History of Iran after Islam, School of Persian Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, Ardakan University of Medical Sciences, Ardakan, Yazd, Iran گروه طب ایرانی، دانشکده طب ایرانی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اردکان، اردکان، یزد، ایران.